TypeError: null is not an object (evaluating 'A.init')

My app works fine on iOS simulators through npm run ios and on my iPhone through XCode. But when I upload it to TestFlight and try to open it on my phone, it always crashes immediately. The console shows:

Unhandled JS Exception: TypeError: null is not an object (evaluating 'A.init')

Any idea what this means?

Dependencies:

  "dependencies": {
    "@react-native-community/masked-view": "0.1.6",
    "algoliasearch": "^4.2.0",
    "axios": "^0.19.2",
    "babel-plugin-module-resolver": "^4.0.0",
    "expo": "^37.0.8",
    "expo-barcode-scanner": "~8.1.0",
    "expo-image-picker": "~8.1.0",
    "expo-updates": "~0.1.0",
    "firebase": "7.9.0",
    "formik": "^2.1.4",
    "numeral": "^2.0.6",
    "prop-types": "^15.7.2",
    "react": "~16.9.0",
    "react-dom": "16.9.0",
    "react-instantsearch-native": "^6.4.0",
    "react-native": "~0.61.5",
    "react-native-elements": "^1.2.7",
    "react-native-formik": "^1.7.8",
    "react-native-gesture-handler": "~1.6.0",
    "react-native-keyboard-aware-scrollview": "^2.1.0",
    "react-native-masked-text": "^1.13.0",
    "react-native-material-textfield": "^0.16.1",
    "react-native-qrcode-svg": "^6.0.3",
    "react-native-reanimated": "~1.7.0",
    "react-native-safe-area-context": "0.7.3",
    "react-native-screens": "~2.2.0",
    "react-native-svg": "^12.1.0",
    "react-native-unimodules": "~0.9.0",
    "react-native-web": "^0.11.7",
    "react-native-webview": "8.1.1",
    "react-navigation": "^4.3.5",
    "react-navigation-stack": "^2.3.9",
    "react-navigation-tabs": "^2.8.11",
    "recompose": "^0.30.0",
    "sentry-expo": "^2.0.4",
    "tipsi-stripe": "^7.5.3",
    "yup": "^0.28.3"
  },